Kaute: An Endemic East Polynesian Hibiscus?

Authors

Keywords:

H. rosa-sinensis L., red-flowered hibiscus, kaute, plant translocations, Polynesian cognates, Broussonetia, Marquesas, East Polynesia

Abstract

Kaute and its derivatives koute, ʻoute and ʻaute are Polynesian names for a red-flowered Hibiscus. Since its first botanical collection on Tahiti by Banks and Solander (1769), this hibiscus has been referred to as H. rosa-sinensis L. and assumed to have been introduced by the bearers of the archaeological culture known as Lapita. Lapita people settled West Polynesia around 2800 BP and spoke a language derived from Proto-Oceanic, the common ancestor of almost all the Austronesian languages of Island Melanesia and Micronesia as well as Polynesia. However, whereas Proto-Oceanic names can be reconstructed for many plants found in East Polynesia, the term kaute cannot be attributed to Proto-Oceanic, the name likely being locally derived in East Polynesia from that of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent.). On the basis of linguistic evidence, we contend that kaute was domesticated in a high island area of Central Eastern Polynesia and then dispersed in relatively recent pre-European times (ca. 500–700 BP) westwards through West Polynesia, to nearby islands such as the Fiji archipelago and Rotuma and to Polynesian Outliers in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Dissemination occurred before the -au- sequence changed to -ou- and k sporadically changed to ʻ, so that kaute rather than contemporary Marquesan koute and ʻoute was the term that was carried westward from the Marquesas. Kaute is here suggested to be an endemic East Polynesian species, different from H. rosa-sinensis L. Further field and genetic research is needed to definitively determine the phylogenetic relationships of kaute and a taxonomic description is required for formal recognition.

Author Biographies

Lex A.J. Thomson, University of the Sunshine Coast

Lex A.J. Thomson is a forest scientist and Associate Adjunct Professor in Agroforestry and Pacific Islands Agribusiness at the University of the Sunshine Coast. He has worked extensively on forestry, agroforestry and agricultural production systems in 40 tropical developing countries including assessing the impacts of climate change on Pacific Islands forests. He has led Bioversity International’s global forest biodiversity research programme, CSIRO’s South Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Initiative, SPC-EU Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade and the Pacific Agribusiness Research for Development Initiative. He is an authority on Australian and Pacific Islands tree species, and in particular has published on acacias, casuarina (ironwood), hibiscus and sandalwood.

Paul a. Geraghty, University of the South Pacific

Paul A. Geraghty earned his PhD from the University of Hawaiʻi with a dissertation on the history of the Fijian languages. He was Director of the Institute of Fijian Language and Culture in Suva from 1986 to 2001 and is currently Adjunct Associate Professor in Linguistics at the University of the South Pacific. He is author and editor of several books, including The History of the Fijian Languages (University of Hawai‘i Press), Fijian Phrasebook (Lonely Planet), Borrowing: A Pacific Perspective (Australian National University Press) and The Macquarie Dictionary of English for the Fiji Islands, and articles on Pacific languages, culture and history.

William H. Wilson, University of Hawaiʻi

William H. Wilson is a Professor of linguistics, language revitalization and Hawaiian at the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo Hawaiian language college, Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. His PhD is from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and focused on Polynesian historical linguistics. His early work on Polynesian possessives suggested that East Polynesia was settled from the Northern Outliers, a relationship that he has since more fully documented with extensive linguistic data. He is best known in Hawaiʻi and internationally for his work in Hawaiian language revitalization and outreach support to Native American language communities.

Downloads

Published

2020-12-30